V-2

German: Aggregat-4, Vergeltungswaffe-2 British: Bodyline, Big Ben
Peenemünde Museum replica of V-2
Type	single stage ballistic missile
Place of origin	Germany
Service history
In service	8 September 1944–19 September 1952
Used by	Germany  United States (post-war)  Soviet Union (post-war)
Production history
Manufacturer	Mittelwerk GmbH (development by Army Research Center Peenemünde)
Unit cost	100,000 RM January 1944, 50,000 RM March 1945[1]
Produced	16 March 1942
Specifications
Weight	12,500 kg (28,000 lb)
Length	14 m (45 ft 11 in)
Diameter	1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
Warhead	980 kg (2,200 lb) Amatol
Wingspan	3.56 m (11 ft 8 in)
Propellant	3,810 kg (8,400 lb) of 75% ethanol and 25% water + 4,910 kg (10,800 lb) of liquid oxygen
Operational range	320 km (200 mi)
Flight altitude	88 km (55 mi) maximum altitude on long range trajectory, 206 km (128 mi) maximum altitude if launched vertically.
Speed	maximum: 1,600 m/s (5,200 ft/s) 5,760 km/h (3,580 mph) at impact: 800 m/s (2,600 ft/s) 2,880 km/h (1,790 mph)
Guidance system	Gyroscopes for attitude control Müller-type pendulous gyroscopic accelerometer for engine cutoff on most production rockets (10% of the Mittelwerk rockets used a guide beam for cutoff.)[2]:225
Launch platform	Mobile (Meillerwagen)

The V-2 rocket (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, vengeance weapon 2), technical name A4, was a long-range ballistic missile that was developed at the beginning of the Second World War in Germany, specifically targeted at Belgium and sites in southeastern England. The rocket was the world's first long-range^[3] combat-ballistic missile^[4] and first human artifact to achieve sub-orbital spaceflight.^[5] It was the progenitor of all modern rockets,^[6] including those used by the United States and Soviet Union space programs, who gained access to the scientists and designs through Operation Paperclip and Operation Osoaviakhim.^[7]

Over 3,000 V-2s were launched as military rockets by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets during the war, mostly London and later Antwerp, resulting in the death of an estimated 7,250 military personnel and civilians. The weapon was presented by the Nazi propaganda as a retaliation for the bombers that succeeded in attacking ever more German cities from 1942 until the end of the war.

Developmental history

In the late 1920s, a young Wernher von Braun acquired a copy of Hermann Oberth's book, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space).^[8] Starting in 1930, he attended the Technical University of Berlin, where he assisted Oberth in liquid-fueled rocket motor tests.^[8] Von Braun was working on his creative doctorate when the Nazi Party gained power in Germany.^[9] An artillery captain, Walter Dornberger, arranged an Ordnance Department research grant for von Braun, who from then on worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at Kummersdorf.^[9] Von Braun's thesis, Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket (dated 16 April 1934), was kept classified by the German army and was not published until 1960.^[10] By the end of 1934, his group had successfully launched two rockets that rose to heights of 2.2 and 3.5 kilometers.^[9]

Wind tunnel model of an A4 in the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin

At the time, Germany was highly interested in American physicist Robert H. Goddard's research. Before 1939, German scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions.^[9] Von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the Aggregat (A) series of rockets.^[9]

Following successes at Kummersdorf with the first two Aggregate series rockets, Wernher von Braun and Walter Riedel began thinking of a much larger rocket in the summer of 1936^[11] based on a projected 25-metric-ton-thrust engine.

After the A-4 project was postponed due to unfavorable aerodynamic stability testing of the A-3 in July 1936,^[12][13] von Braun specified the A-4 performance in 1937,^[14] and A-4 design and construction was ordered c1938/1939.^[15] During 28–30 September 1939, Der Tag der Weisheit (English: the day of wisdom) conference met at Peenemünde to initiate the funding of university research to solve rocket problems.^[11]:40 By late 1941, the Army Research Center at Peenemünde possessed the technologies essential to the success of the A-4. The three key technologies for the A-4 were large liquid-fuel rocket engines, supersonic aerodynamics, gyroscopic guidance and rudders in jet control.^[2] At the time, Adolf Hitler was not particularly impressed by the V-2; he pointed out that it was merely an artillery shell with a longer range and much higher cost.^[16]

In early September 1943, von Braun promised the Long-Range Bombardment Commission^[2]:224 that the A-4 development was 'practically complete/concluded',^[13]:135 but even by the middle of 1944, a complete A-4 parts list was still unavailable.^[2]:224 Hitler was probably still not impressed with the weapon but was impressed by the enthusiasm of its developers, and needing a "wonder weapon" to maintain German morale,^[16] Hitler authorized its deployment in large numbers.^[17]

An estimated 20,000 inmates at the Mittelbau-Dora plant died constructing V-2s. Of these, 9,000 died from exhaustion and collapse, 350 were hanged (including 200 executed for acts of sabotage) and the remainder were either shot or died from disease or starvation.^[18][19]

Technical details

A U.S. Army cut-away of the V-2.

At launch the A-4 propelled itself for up to 65 seconds on its own power, and a program motor controlled the pitch to the specified angle at engine shutdown, from which the rocket continued on a free-fall (ballistic) trajectory. The rocket reached a height of 80 km (50 mi) after shutting off the engine.^[20]

The fuel and oxidizer pumps were steam turbines, and the steam was produced by concentrated hydrogen peroxide with potassium permanganate catalyst. Both the alcohol and oxygen tanks were an aluminium-magnesium alloy.^[1]

The combustion burner reached a temperature of 2500–2700 °C (4500 – 4900 °F). The alcohol-water fuel was pumped along the double wall of the main combustion burner. This cooled the chamber and heated the fuel (regenerative cooling). The fuel was then pumped into the main burner chamber through 1,224 nozzles, which assured the correct mixture of alcohol and oxygen at all times. Small holes also permitted some alcohol to escape directly into the combustion chamber, forming a cooled boundary layer that further protected the wall of the chamber, especially at the throat where the chamber was narrowest. The boundary layer alcohol ignited in contact with the atmosphere, accounting for the long, diffuse exhaust plume. (Later, post-V2 engine designs not employing this alcohol boundary layer cooling show a translucent plume with shock diamonds.)

Vanes at exit of exhaust

The V-2 was guided by four external rudders on the tail fins, and four internal graphite vanes at the exit of the motor. The LEV-3 guidance system consisted of two free gyroscopes (a horizon and a vertical) for lateral stabilization, and a PIGA accelerometer to control engine cutoff at a specified velocity. Some later V-2s used "guide beams" (radio signals transmitted from the ground) to keep the missile in course, but the first models used a simple analog computer that adjusted the azimuth for the rocket, and the flying distance was controlled by the timing of the engine cut-off, "Brennschluss", ground controlled by a Doppler system or by different types of on-board integrating accelerometers. The rocket stopped accelerating and soon reached the top of the (approximately parabolic) flight curve.

The painting of the operational V-2s was mostly a camouflage ragged pattern with several variations, but at the end of the war a plain olive green rocket also appeared. During tests, the rocket was painted in a characteristic black-and-white chessboard pattern, which aided in determining if the rocket was spinning around its longitudinal axis.

The original German designation of the rocket was "V2", not "V-2". The first English translation of the book V2– Der Schuss Ins Weltall (English: "V2– The Shot Into Space"), by Walter Dornberger,^[21] was published in England by Hurst And Blackett in 1954 and titled V2. In that book, the rocket is called the "V2".^[22] But in the US version of V2– Der Schuss Ins Weltall, published in the US by Viking in 1954 and titled V-2, the rocket is called the "V-2".^[12] The text in the books V2 and V-2 appears to be identical, except that in the book V2, published in England, no hyphens are used to designate any of the rockets: they appear as "V2", "A4", "V1", etc. But in the book V-2, published in the US, the rocket names are always hyphenated: they appear as "V-2", "A-4", "V-1", etc. It's likely that the US Air Force requested the change so that the designations would conform to the usual method that the US military used (and still uses) to designate its planes. For example, P-38 Lightning, P-51 Mustang, B-29 Superfortress.

Testing

The first successful test flight was the third of October 1942:

This third day of October, 1942, is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel...

– Speech at Peenemünde, Walter Dornberger, 3 October 1942^[12]17

Forwarded by 38.000 hp, the rocket reached a maximum speed of appr. 5500 km/h.

Engine cut-out – 1, Deutsches Museum, Munich

Two test launches were recovered by the Allies: The Bäckebo Bomb on 13 June 1944 in Sweden and one recovered by Polish resistance on 30 May 1944 from Blizna and transported to the UK during Operation Most III.

Test launches of V-2 rockets (Aggregate-4) were made at Peenemünde, Blizna and Tuchola Forest, and after the war, at Cuxhaven, White Sands Proving Grounds, Cape Canaveral, and Kapustin Yar.

Various problems were identified during V-2 development and testing:

• To reduce tank pressure and weight, high flow turbopumps were used to boost pressure.^[2]:35
• A short and lighter combustion chamber without burn-through was developed by using centrifugal injection nozzles, a mixing compartment, and a converging nozzle to the throat for homogeneous combustion.^[12]:51
• Film cooling was used to prevent burn through at the nozzle throat.^[12]:52
• Relay contacts were made more durable to withstand vibration and prevent thrust cutoff just after lift-off.^[12]:52
• Ensuring that the fuel pipes had tension-free curves reduced the likelihood of explosions at 4,000–6,000 ft (1,219–1,829 m).^[12]:215,217
• Fins were shaped with clearance to prevent damage as the exhaust jet expanded with altitude.^[12]:56,118
• To control trajectory at lift off and supersonic speeds, heat-resistant graphite vanes were used as rudders in the exhaust jet.^[12]:35,58

Airburst problem

Through mid-March 1944, only 4 of the 26 successful Blizna launches had satisfactorily reached the Sarnaki target area^{[23]:112, 221–222, 282} due to in-flight breakup (Luftzerleger) on entry into the atmosphere.^[24]:100 Initially excessive alcohol tank pressure was suspected, and by April 1944 after 5 months of test firings, the cause was still not determined. Major-General Rossmann, the Army Weapons Office department chief, recommended stationing observers in the target area – cMay/June, Walter Dornberger and Wernher von Braun set up a camp at the center of the Poland target zone (one impact was 300 feet from an armed missile.)^[2]: After moving to the Heidekraut,^[11]:172,173 SS Mortar Battery 500 of the 836th Artillery Battalion (Motorized) was ordered^[23]:47 on 30 August^[25] to begin test launches of eighty 'sleeved' rockets.^[13]:281 Testing confirmed the so-called 'tin trousers' – a tube designed to strengthen the forward end of the rocket cladding—reduced the likelihood of airbursts.^[24]:100

Production

A production line was nearly ready at Peenemünde when the Operation Hydra attack caused the Germans to move production to the Mittelwerk in the Kohnstein where 5,200 V-2 rockets were built:^[26]

23 June 1943 RAF reconnaissance photo of V-2s at Test Stand VII

Launch sites

A V-2 launched from a fixed site in summer 1943

Following Operation Crossbow bombing, initial plans for launching from the massive underground Le Blockhaus and La Coupole or from fixed pads such as near the Chateau du Molay^[27] were dropped in favor of mobile launching. Eight main storage dumps were planned and four had been completed by July 1944 (the one at Mery-sur-Oise was begun in August 1943 and completed by February 1944).^[28] The missile could be launched practically anywhere, roads running through forests being a particular favorite. The system was so mobile and small that not one Meillerwagen was caught in action by Allied aircraft, although Raymond Baxter reported that he shot at a V2 from his Spitfire as it was launched.

An average of ten V-2s could be launched per day and up to 1000 V-2s could be launched per month, given sufficient supply of the rockets.^[29]

Operational history

Aftermath of a V-2 bombing at Battersea, London, 27 January 1945.

After Hitler's 29 August declaration to begin V-2 attacks as soon as possible, the offensive began on 8 September 1944 with a single launch at Paris, which caused modest damage near Porte d'Italie,^{[11]:218,220,467}. Two more launches by the 485th followed, including one from The Hague against London on the same day at 6:43 p.m.^[13]:285 – the first landed at Chiswick which killed 63-year-old Mrs. Ada Harrison, 3-year-old Rosemary Clarke, and Sapper Bernard Browning on leave from the Royal Engineers.^[14]:11 Upon hearing the double-crack of the supersonic rocket (London's first-ever), Duncan Sandys and Reginald Victor Jones looked up from different parts of the city and exclaimed 'That was a rocket!', and a short while after the double-crack, the sky was filled with the sound of a heavy body rushing through the air.^[13]:286 The Germans themselves finally announced the V-2 on 8 November 1944 and only then, on 10 November 1944, did Winston Churchill inform Parliament, and the world, that England had been under rocket attack "for the last few weeks."

Over the next few months the number of V-2s fired was at least 3,172, distributed over the various targets as follows:

• 1664: Antwerp (1610), Liege (27), Hasselt (13), Tournai (9), Mons (3), Diest (2)
• 1402: London (1358), Norwich (43),^[13]p289 Ipswich (1)
• 76: Lille (25), Paris (22), Tourcoing (19), Arras (6), Cambrai (4)
• Maastricht 19
• Remagen 11

An estimated 2,754 civilians were killed in London by V-2 attacks with another 6,523 injured,^[30] which is two people killed per V-2 rocket. However, this understates the potential of the V-2, since many rockets were misdirected and exploded harmlessly. Accuracy increased greatly over the course of the war, particularly on batteries where Leitstrahl-Guide Beam apparatus was installed, with V-2s sometimes landing within meters of the target.^[31] Accurately targeted missiles were often devastating, causing large numbers of deaths—160 killed and 108 seriously injured (the worst loss of life in a single V2 attack), in one explosion on 25 November 1944 in mid-afternoon, striking a Woolworth's department store in New Cross, south-east London and 567 deaths in a cinema in Antwerp—and significant damage in the critically important Antwerp docks.

As a result of such deadly targeting, British intelligence leaked falsified information implying that the rockets were over-shooting their London target by 10 to 20 miles. This tactic worked and for the remainder of the war most landed in Kent due to erroneous recalibration.^[32]

The final two exploded on 27 March 1945. One of these represented the last V2 to kill a British civilian: Mrs. Ivy Millichamp, aged 34, killed in her home in Kynaston Road, Orpington in Kent ^[33], evidencing the German re-calibration.

A scientific reconstruction carried out in 2010 demonstrated that the V2 creates a crater 20m wide and 8m deep, throwing up around 3000 tons of material into the air.^[32]

Countermeasures

Unlike the V-1, the V-2's speed and trajectory made it invulnerable to anti-aircraft guns and fighters, as it dropped from an altitude of 100–110 km (62–68 mi) at up to four times the speed of sound (appr. 3550 km/h). A plan was proposed whereby the missile would be detected by radar, its terminal trajectory calculated, and the area along that trajectory saturated by large-caliber anti-aircraft guns. The plan was dropped after operations research indicated that the likely number of malfunctioning artillery shells falling to the ground would do more damage than the V-2 itself.^[34]

The defence against the V-2 campaign was to destroy the launch infrastructure—expensive in terms of bomber resources and casualties—or to cause the Germans to "aim" at the wrong place through disinformation. The British were able to convince the Germans to direct V-1s and V-2s aimed at London to less populated areas east of the city. This was done by sending false impact reports via the German espionage network in Britain, which was controlled by the British (the Double Cross System).

There is a record of one V-2, fortuitously observed at launch from a passing American B-24 Liberator, being shot down by .50 caliber machine-gun fire.^[35]

The limitations of any countermeasures can be understood by two facts: 20 seconds after starting, a V2 was out of reach; the time from start to impact in London being merely 3 minutes.

Ultimately the most successful countermeasure was the Allied advance that forced the launchers back beyond range.

On 3 March 1945 the allies attempted to destroy V-2s and launching equipment near The Hague by a large-scale bombardment, but due to navigational errors the Bezuidenhout quarter was destroyed, killing 500 Dutch civilians.

Assessment

The V-2 program was the single most expensive development project of the Third Reich: 6,048 were built, at a cost of approximately 100,000 Reichsmarks each; 3,225 were launched. SS General Hans Kammler, who as an engineer had constructed several concentration camps including Auschwitz, had a reputation for brutality and had originated the idea of using concentration camp prisoners as slave laborers in the rocket program. The V-2 is perhaps the only weapon system to have caused more deaths by its production than its deployment.^[36]

The V-2 consumed a third of Germany's fuel alcohol production and major portions of other critical technologies:^[38] for one V-2 required 30 tons of potatoes.^[39] Due to a lack of explosives, concrete was used and sometimes the warhead contained photographic propaganda of German citizens who had died in allied bombing.^[16]

The V-2 lacked a proximity fuse, so it could not be set for air burst; it buried itself in the target area before or just as the warhead detonated. This reduced its effectiveness. Furthermore its guidance systems were too primitive to hit specific targets, and its costs were approximately equivalent to four-engined bombers, which were more accurate (though only in a relative sense), had longer ranges, carried many more warheads, and were reusable. Moreover, it diverted resources from other, more effective programs. Nevertheless, it had a considerable psychological effect as, unlike bombing planes or the V1 Flying Bomb, which made a characteristic buzzing sound, the V-2 traveled faster than the speed of sound, with no warning before impact and no possibility of defense.

With the war all but lost, regardless of the factory output of conventional weapons, the Nazis resorted to V-weapons as a tenuous last hope to influence the war militarily (hence Antwerp as V-2 target), as an extension of their desire to "punish" their foes and most importantly to give hope to their supporters with their miracle weapon.^[16] The V-2 had no effect on the outcome of the war, but its value, despite its overall ineffectiveness, was in its novelty as a weapon which set the stage for the next 50 years of ballistic military rocketry, culminating with ICBMs during the Cold War and modern space exploration.

Unfulfilled plans

A submarine-towed launch platform was tested successfully, effectively making it the prototype for submarine-launched ballistic missiles. The project codename was Prüfstand XII ("Test stand XII"), sometimes called the rocket U-boat. If deployed, it would have allowed a U-boat to launch V-2 missiles against United States cities, though only with considerable effort (and likely limited effect).^[40]

While interned after the war by the British at CSDIC camp 11 however, Dornberger was recorded as saying that he had begged the Führer to stop the V-weapon propaganda, because nothing more could be expected from just one ton of explosive. To this Hitler had replied that Dornberger might not expect more but he himself certainly did.

Hitler, in July 1944, and Speer, in January 1945, made speeches alluding to a campaign to have U-boats fire "robot" U-1 and U-2 bombs at the U.S.^[41] Germany did not possess any capability to fulfill these threats, however. These schemes were met by the Americans with Operation Teardrop.

According to decrypted messages from the Japanese embassy in Germany, twelve dismantled V-2 rockets were shipped to Japan.^[42] These left Bordeaux in August 1944 on the transport U-boats U-219 and U-195, which reached Djakarta in December 1944. A civilian V-2 expert was a passenger on U-234, bound for Japan in May 1945 when the war ended in Europe. The fate of these V-2 rockets is unknown.

Near the end of the war, German scientists were working on chemical and possibly biological weapons to use in the V-2 program. By this stage, the Germans had produced munitions containing nerve agents sarin, soman and tabun; however, they had never used any of them.

Post-Second World War usage

At the end of the war, a race began between the United States and the USSR to retrieve as many V-2 rockets and staff as possible.^[43] Three hundred trainloads of V-2s and parts were captured and shipped to the United States, and 126 of the principal designers, including both Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger were in American hands. Von Braun, his brother Magnus von Braun, and seven others decided to surrender to the United States military (Operation Paperclip) to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot dead by the Nazis to prevent their capture.^[44]

Operation Backfire (WWII) V-2 rocket on Meillerwagen (S.I. Negative #76-2755)

British and Canadian

In October 1945, British Operation Backfire assembled a small number of V-2 missiles and launched three of them from a site in northern Germany. The engineers involved had already agreed to move to the US when the test firings were complete. The Backfire report remains the most extensive technical documentation of the rocket, including all support procedures, tailored vehicles and fuel composition. In his book My Father's Son, Canadian author Farley Mowat, then a member of the Canadian Army, claims to have obtained a V-2 rocket in 1945 and shipped it back to Canada, where it is alleged to have ended up in the National Exhibition grounds in Toronto.

Post-war V-2s launched in secret from Peenemünde may have been responsible for a curious phenomenon known as Ghost rockets, unexplained objects crossing the skies over Sweden and Finland.

The Canadian Arrow, a competitor for the Ansari X Prize, was based on the V-2.

USSR

The USSR also captured a number of V-2s and staff, letting them set up in Germany for a time. The first work contracts were signed in the middle of 1945. In 1946 (as part of Operation Osoaviakhim) they were obliged to move to Kapustin Yar in the USSR, where Groettrup headed up a group of just under 250 engineers. The first Soviet missile was the R-1, an exact copy of the V-2. Most of the German team was sent home after that project, but some remained to do research until as late as 1951. Unbeknownst to the Germans, work immediately began on larger missiles, the R-2 and R-5, based on extension of the V-2 technology.

United States

Operation Paperclip recruited German engineers and Special Mission V-2 transported the captured V-2 parts to the United States. At the close of the Second World War, over 300 rail cars filled with V-2 engines, fuselages, propellant tanks, gyroscopes and associated equipment were brought to the railyards in Las Cruces, New Mexico, so they could be placed on trucks and driven to the White Sands Proving Grounds in New Mexico.

In addition to V-2 hardware, the U.S. Government delivered German mechanization equations for the V-2 guidance, navigation, and control system, as well as for advanced development concept vehicles, to U.S. defense contractors for analysis. In the 1950s some of these documents were useful to U.S. contractors in developing direction cosine matrix transformations and other inertial navigation architecture concepts that were applied to early U.S. programs such as the Atlas and Minuteman guidance systems as well as the Navy's Subs Inertial Navigation System.

A committee was formed with both military and civilian scientists to review payload proposals for the reassembled V-2 rockets. This led to an eclectic array of experiments that flew on the V-2s and paved the way for American manned space exploration. Devices were sent aloft to sample the air at all levels to determine atmospheric pressures and to see what gases were present. Other instruments measured the level of cosmic radiation.

Only 68 percent of the V-2 flights were considered successful. A supposed V-2 launched on 29 May 1947 landed near Juarez, Mexico and was actually a Hermes B-1 vehicle.^[45]

The U.S. Navy attempted to launch a reassembled German V-2 rocket at sea—one test launch from the aircraft carrier USS Midway was performed on 6 September 1947 as part of the Navy's Operation Sandy. The test launch was a partial success; the V-2 went off the pad, but splashed down in the ocean only some 10 km (6.2 mi) from the carrier. The launch setup on the Midway's deck is notable in that it used foldaway arms to prevent the missile from falling over. The arms pulled away just after the engine ignited, releasing the missile. The setup may look similar to the R-7 launch procedure, but in the case of the R-7 the trusses hold the full weight of the rocket, rather than just reacting to side forces.

The PGM-11 Redstone rocket is a direct descendant of the V-2.^[46]

US test launch of a Bumper V-2.

In popular culture

• Thomas Pynchon makes the V-2 rocket the central point of his postmodern novel Gravity's Rainbow.
• The MGM movie Operation Crossbow dramatizes Allied efforts to impede the V-1 and V-2 programs.
• Raymond Baxter (an RAF pilot during WW2 and subsequently a famous UK TV broadcaster), in an interview about his wartime career, described flying over a V-2 rocket site during a launch, and his wingman firing on the missile: "I dread to think what would have happened if he'd hit the thing!"
• In Warren Ellis' comic book mini series Ministry of Space, the British beat the Americans and Russians to Peenemunde, acquiring V-2 plans and personnel, leading to an alternate history scenario which sees Britain winning the space race.
• In Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five, the bomb is referenced when Roomford's wife reads an excerpt by British author, David Irving.

Model rockets

Model rocket V-2s are available in many sizes. Since the 1960s Estes Industries has released several versions of the V-2. Currently there are no Estes V-2s in production.

Surviving V-2 examples and components

V-2 rocket located at the Australian War Memorial Treloar Centre Annex

Combustion chamber of a fired example in Flixton Air museum Bungay, Suffolk, England

At least 20 V-2s still existed in 2005.

Australia

• One at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, including complete Meillerwagen transporter. The rocket has the most complete set of guidance components of all surviving A4s. The Meillerwagen is the most complete of the three examples known to exist. Another A4 was on display at the RAAF Museum at Point Cook outside Melbourne. Both rockets now reside in Canberra.

Netherlands

• One example, partly skeletonized, is in the collection of the Netherlands Armymuseum. In this collection are also a launching table and some loose parts, as well as the remains of a V2 that crashed in The Hague immediately after the launch.

Poland

• Several large components, like hydrogen peroxide tank and reaction chamber, the propellant turbopump and the HWK rocket engine chamber (partly cut-out) are displayed at the Polish Aviation Museum in Krakow

France

A V-2 replica on display in Musée de l'Armée.

• One engine at Cité de l'espace in Toulouse.
• V-2 display at 'La Coupole' museum, Wizernes, France (Pas de Calais, five kilometers from Saint-Omer).
• One rocket body no engine, one complete engine, one lower engine section and one wrecked engine on display at 'La Coupole' museum
• One engine complete with steering pallets, feed lines and tank bottoms, plus one cut-out thrust chamber and one cut-out turbopump at the Snecma (Space Engines Div.) museum in Vernon

Germany

• One (1944, complete) at the Deutsches Museum in Munich (in the centre of the Museum's spiral staircase).
• One engine (1944, cut through to reveal technical details) (also at the Deutsches Museum).
• One engine at the Museum of Technology in Berlin.
• One replica at The Peenemünde Historical and Technical Information Centre^[47] sitting against the foreboding and highly poignant background of the remnant factory where it was built.

United Kingdom

• One at the Science Museum, London. Painted in chessboard pattern.
• One (painted bright green, and cut through to display the engine and some other interior parts) at the Imperial War Museum, London (on loan from Cranfield University).
• Two rockets of the RAF Museum (one at the London site and one at the RAF Cosford site). Exhibits include a Meillerwagen, a Vidalwagen, a Strabo crane, and a firing table with towing dolly.
• A fuel conbustion chamber from a fired example is in Flixton Air Museum, Bungay

United States

• One at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, including complete Meillerwagen transporter, Dayton, Ohio.
• One (chessboard-painted) at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center in Hutchinson, Kansas.
• One at the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C.
• One at the Fort Bliss Air Defense Museum, El Paso, Texas.
• One (yellow and black) at Missile Park, White Sands Missile Range, White Sands, New Mexico.^[48]
• One at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
• One at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
• One engine at the Stafford Air & Space Museum in Weatherford, Oklahoma.
• One engine at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
• One engine at the National Museum of the United States Air Force
• One engine at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago.
• One rocket body and one engine side by side (and exposed to the elements) outside the US Army Ordnance Museum at Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Aberdeen, Maryland. (moved to Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton Ohio in approx 2005.)
• One rocket body at Picattinny Arsenal in Dover, NJ.
• One engine in the Auburn University Engineering Lab
• One engine in the Blockhouse building on the Historic Cape Canaveral Tour in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
• One engine at Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology in St.Louis, Missouri

Notes

References

External links

• PBS: The hunt for Nazi scientists
• History of Peenemünde and the discovery of the German missile development by the Allied
• Discussion of V-2 defences
• About effect of V2's on London
• German V2/A4 test range (Heidekraut) in Tuchola Forest (Poland) today (outdated link)
• Dora and the V–2 – Slave labor in the space age